THE FIVE-DAY HOSTAGE STANDOFF off the coast of Somali ended in dramatic fashion yesterday when Navy snipers aboard the
USS Bainbridge shot and killed three pirates holding American ship captain Richard Phillips on a nearby lifeboat. But the violent resolution of the crisis -- coming on the heels of the French decision Friday to use deadly force on a hijacked yacht which freed 4 of the 5 people held but ended in the deaths of one hostage and two Somali pirates -- is likely to raise the stakes when the next act of piracy occurs, with one Somali pirate promising to take revenge on the next American or French nationals they encounter:
"The French and the Americans will regret starting this killing. We do not kill, but take only ransom. We shall do something to anyone we see as French or American from now."
With five American warships already in the area, a more active military role in curbing the pirate menace is inevitable. Greatly complicating matters are the 228 hostages held aboard 13 ships in possession of the Somali pirates. The latest addition includes 16 people seized on board an Italian tugboat just after the attack on the
Maersk Alabama last week. This latest threat of retaliation becomes at the very least a negotiating tool, and more likely to be carried out as the pirates feel threatened onshore in known Somali pirate dens like
Eyl and
Gaan. One of the pirates holding a Greek ship in the latter port has already bluntly stated, "We will retaliate for the killings of our men." Based on the actions of ruthless pirates down the ages, there's little reason to doubt him at his word.
Americans have probably heard more about real pirates this last week than in the past century combined, having long condemned to the past larger-than-life characters like Blackbeard, Captain Kidd and "Calico" Jack. Not counting the lucrative Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, of course, which in itself is no small indication of the enduring fascination of pirates in the popular imagination, even as we struggle to avoid attaching old, familiar pirate tropes to the current band of misfits menacing humanity.No matter which era of piracy you want to talk about, it all comes down to money. The danger pirates face as they attach their grappling hooks to the deck of a targeted ship and storm
onboard, guns blazing and knives drawn, is the same in any age, which explains why only the most desperate sign up for the pirate package.
And as long as ships sail on the sea, there will be people in other ships trying to seize them. We all know the famous opening stanza to the official Battle Hymn about of the U.S. Marines:
From the Halls of Montezuma,
To the shores of Tripoli;
We fight our country's battles
In the air, on land, and sea...
Well, you may not know that Tripoli refers to a famous battle in the
Barbary Wars (1801-1804). It just so happens that, among many other "underlying causes" of the war, as we used to call them in grade school, President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay the ransom of a ship taken by pirates caused Tripoli along with Tunis and Algiers, the Barbary states, to declare war on the U.S. The nascent U.S. Navy responded in force, bombarding the Muslim states sponsoring terror on the high seas. The Barbary pirates "hijacked European ships with impunity and ransomed back the crews" -- a practice so widespread that in 1784 the U.S. Congress allocated money in the budget for "tributes" to meet the demand of the corsairs operating out of North Africa. While Jefferson was ambassador to France in the 1780s, he once accused an envoy from Tripoli of supporting acts of piracy, later recalling the response:
"It was written in their Koran, that all nations which had not acknowledged the Prophet were sinners, whom it was the right and duty of the faithful to plunder and enslave; and that every muslim who was slain in this warfare was sure to go to paradise. He said, also, that the man who was the first to board a vessel had one slave over and above his share, and that when they sprang to the deck of an enemy's ship, every sailor held a dagger in each hand and a third in his mouth; which usually struck such terror into the foe that they cried out for quarter at once."
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Demonstrating once again that History is nothing if not
heavily ironic, the warship Navy SEALS shot from yesterday to take out the Somali pirates is named after William
Bainbridge, a major player in the last major U.S. operation against organized pirates based in Africa over 200 years ago. And although
Bainbridge later went on to become a Commodore for his heroics in the War of 1812, in the First Barbary Wars his role was somewhat less distinguished but notable nonetheless. According to
fairly reliable sources,
In 1800, Bainbridge was sent to carry the tribute which the United States still paid to the dey of Algiers to secure exemption from capture for its merchant ships in the Mediterranean. Upon arrival in the 24-gun USS George Washington, he made the tactical mistake of anchoring in the harbor of Algiers--directly under the guns of the fort. The dey demanded that he ferry the Algerian ambassador and retinue to Constantinople or be blown to bits on the spot. With great disgust, Bainbridge raised the Algerian flag on his masthead and submitted to the embarrassment of serving as the dey's messenger service. [1]
When the United States found that bribing the pirate Barbary states did not work, and decided to use force, he served against Algiers and Tunis. In command of the USS Philadelphia, when she ran aground on the Tunisian coast on 29 December 1803, he was imprisoned until 3 June 1806. On his release, he returned for a time to the merchant service in order to make good the loss of profit caused by his captivity.
Hopefully, the next band of Somalian corsairs will take note of the name of the American ship that came to the rescue of Captain Phillips, read up on the relevant American military history, and change their present course with all due haste. More likely, pirates see the deaths of their comrades in arms as the price of doing business, just as pirates down through the ages realized what they were getting into. One local maritime expert predicted the deadly rescue missions by French and American forces would result in a more cutthroat brand of pirate in the future:
Andrew Mwangura, coordinator of Mombasa-based East African Seafarers Assistance Program, said the rescue would change the stakes in future pirate attacks. "This is a big wake-up to the pirates. It raises the stakes. Now they may be more violent, like the pirates of old," he said.
Back to last night's rescue. I'm sure more of the details will surface surrounding the use of deadly force against the 3 pirates in the lifeboat while a 4th was negotiating onboard the Bainbridge. All's fair in love and war, and piracy is nothing if not a declaration of war against whatever country's flag the hijacked ship is flying. Interestingly, most reports have Captain Phillips tied up on the deck of the 24-boot lifeboat, with his captives training their AK-47s on him, when the decision to fire was given. Last night, for instance, in How Captain Phillips was rescued, the BBC reports that "One pirate was seen through a window pointing an AK-47 at the back of Capt Phillips, who was tied up." But on the same website, another story reported that the snipers opened fire after Phillips jumped into the water in a second escape attempt and the Somalis opened fire on him. Apparently the latter scenario has been discounted, as the BBC story I bookmarked last night has Phillips tied up and still on the boat when the shooting occurred. Call me naive, but I'm pretty certain if the good captain had his arms tied, he's not inclined to jump into the ocean and make a swim for it.
Short of arming merchant ships, there will be more pirate attacks as long as the ransoms are paid. Two factors to keep in mind. With insurance rates already escalating, the pressure to keep crews at a minimum to keep the profit margin as high as possible works in the pirates' favor, as does the sheer size of the ocean when it comes to patrolling the area. Moreover, the last thing ship owners want to see is a firefight on their vessel, especially container ships carrying oil or other combustible cargo.
Will swift, harsh punishment against the few pirates in custody act as an effective deterrent to their increasingly brazen brethren? Not as long as the dire conditions remain intact that are driving these hopeless desperadoes in the first place. Not only is the whole pirate operation financed and sponsored by warlords and organized criminal elements onshore, but the lure of a high reward will offset the risk for the millions with little to lose.
Unemployed Somali fishermen make up a large component of the Somali pirate class. In fact, they consider themselves marines or a form of coastal defense against illegal commercial fishing. In the early 1990s, with the collapse of the Somali government, European conglomerates, mainly Italian and Swiss companies, illegally dumped hazardous waste in the waters off Somali, destroying much of the country's traditional fishing ground:
Somalia's long, remote shoreline was used as a dump site for the disposal of toxic waste. The huge waves which battered northern Somalia after the tsunami are believed to have stirred up tonnes of nuclear and toxic waste that was illegally dumped in the country by several European firms ... European companies found it to be very cheap to get rid of the waste, costing as little as $2.50 a tonne, where waste disposal costs in Europe are something like $1000 a tonne.
What the toxic waste didn't damage, foreign commercial fishing interests took away, further fracturing the blighted Somalia's economic base. The result is a country where over 70% of the population lives on less than $2 a day. Is there any wonder people might turn to crime given such squalor?
Now that Americans have been singled out for reprisal by the Somali pirates, who knows whether elements of Al-Qaeda or other terrorist cells will join forces for acts of terror against U.S. ships. The increased military presence in the area seems like an inviting target, and an opportunity unlikely to be resisted indefinitely.
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Perhaps the most successful pirate in history, Bartholomew Roberts, once neatly summed up what attracted him to piracy as "better being a commander than a common man." Of course, not every pirate captures 470 vessels, as Black Bart is credited with. Yet the Welsh pirate is known today as much for his cruelty when angered as for the immense wealth he accumulated plundering shipping in the Caribbean, off the American coast, and off West Africa. The legacy of Roberts is further enshrined by the code of conduct he drew up to enforce an Honor Among Thieves that survives to this day, including mainstays like equal votes, proper shares, no gambling on ship, and provisions for being wounded in battle. It's fair to say Roberts ran a tight ship, if Article 2 of his code is any indication:
Every man shall be called fairly in turn by the list on board of prizes, because over and above their proper share, they are allowed a shift of clothes. But if they defraud the company to the value of even one dollar in plate, jewels or money, they shall be marooned. If any man rob another he shall have his nose and ears slit, and be put ashore where he shall be sure to encounter hardships.
But aside from the harsh code of justice, the sheer number of ships plundered, the vast treasure he is said to have accumulated during a prolific 30-month period, and even his striking appearance, Roberts is remembered for a string of attacks he conducted against Barbados and Martinique in the 1720s. So infuriated was the bloodthirsty pirate with what he saw as unwarranted interference in his operation that he designed a flag specifically intended to terrify the inhabitants of those island nations. According to Angus
Konstam's The History of Pirates:
One showed a pirate figure, presumably representing Roberts, standing on two skulls. Under one skull were the letters ABH, meaning 'A Barbadian's Head,' and the second was labeled AMH--'A Martinique's Head.' The threat was clear, and sailors from these two islands could expect no mercy if they offered any resistance.
Now the very real threat of piracy competes with the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and the economic recession-slash-depression for President Obama's attention on any given day, as if America had nothing else to occupy its attention and concern. What has to keep U.S. decision-makers up at night is whether intensifying the military effort to stamp out what Secretary of State Clinton is calling the "scourge of piracy" will result in escalating violence against American nationals. With modern-day Somali pirates showing an increasing adaptability that their forebears might envy, there's every reason to believe the threat at face value. As a 30-year-old Somali told the Associated Press yesterday, "From now on, if we capture foreign ships and their respective countries try to attack us, we will kill the hostages. (U.S. forces have) become our No. 1 enemy."
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